Holy Qur'an And Scientific Knowledge
by Dr. A. Zahoor and Dr. Z. Haq
This page is for those Muslims as well as non-Muslims who wish to reflect upon select passages from the Holy Qur'an, clearly defining and referring to a variety of subjects on the space, time, planets, stars, anatomy, zoology, and other sciences. The manner and style of description are in the style of divine mercy so that it is comprehendible to all levels of people (the less educated and the well educated). Each can find a depth of the meaning to one's capability and comprehension and can benefit oneself and the humanity at large. In many places, the Qur'an uses such phrases as 'do they not think,' 'do they not ponder,' or 'reflect,' and asks the reader 'to enquire about certain statements to those who are knowledgeable.' The style of the Qur'an is to invite to reason and common sense. The more one researches on such statements the more deeper meaning one gets.
· Qur'an
· Allah
· Islam
· Muslim
· Creation of Universe
· Plan for Creation
· Origin of Man
· Pairs in Sexes
· Water
· Mountains
· Time
· Space and Time
· Astronomy and Space Travel
· Anatomy
· Sea
· Pharaoh
· Miscellaneous
· Jinn
· Useful References
Qur'an
The Qur'an was revealed in pure Arabic to Prophet Muhammad (SAW) over a period of twenty-three years ending in 632 A.D., the year he passed away. The first revelation was only five verses, the first five verses of Chapter 96.
The revelations were sent by Allah, Subhanahu wa Ta'ala (SWT), the creator and sustainer of the universe, and transmitted to him by the Archangel Jibril (AS) (Gabriel). The revelations he received were sometimes a few verses and sometimes a part of a chapter or the whole chapter. Some revelations came down in response to an inquiry by the nonbelievers. The Qur'an speaks in the first person, i.e., Allah's commandments to its creation. The Qur'an also uses the royal "We" for Allah's commandments. The main theme of the Qur'an and all previous revelations has been the absolute oneness of Allah, the creator and sustainer of the universe, who is without partner(s), having not begotten nor was begotten. The Qur'anic verses address people in a variety of ways depending on the context. It says "O mankind" and "O people" in a general sense addressing to all people, and in other instances "O believers" for those who have already accepted the message of Qur'an.
The Qur'an is the direct Word of Allah and it does not contain a single alphabet from anyone, even Prophet Muhammad. The sayings of Prophet Muhammad are contained in separate compilations known as Hadith, and include his deeds, lifestyle, and decisions on a variety of issues. The Qur'an and Hadith form the foundation of daily life of a practicing Muslim. The Qur'an has not changed by even an alphabet since its revelation fourteen centuries ago. Allah (SWT) has promised in the Qur'an that He will preserve it to the end of time. It is also for this reason there is no need for any new prophet or revelation (guidance) to come to humankind. The Qur'an is read in Arabic with great emphasis on the accuracy of recitation, including the recognition of diacritical marks and places where one pauses momentarily or stops.
The Arabic word Surah is loosely translated as chapter and Ayah as verse for the English readers who are unfamiliar with Qura'nic concepts. The Ayah (plural Ayat) means a sign. Those who have read the meaning of the Qur'an thoroughly and have had time to reflect upon them appreciate the word ayah as it is truly a sign from Allah (SWT), the lord of the universe, the absolute, without any partners or associate. Allah is the personal name of God, the Lord of the universe, the owner of the day of judgement. The word Allah is not subject to gender (male or female, such as god or goddess) or plurality (such as gods or goddesses). This word is found in Semitic languages, spoken by the Prophet (I'sa) Jesus and (Musa) Moses, peace be upon them both (AS).
According to the Qur'an, Allah sent Numerous Nabi (prophets) and Rasool (messengers), i.e., those prophets who were also given revelations or books from Allah. Among them are many that are also mentioned in the old and new testaments, and others that are specifically mentioned in the Qur'an. The Prophet Muhammad (SAW) came about six centuries after Prophet I'sa (Jesus) and was the last prophet of Allah. He is the seal of the Prophets. The words Islam and Muslim are defined in the Qur'an, and Allah (SWT) states in the Qur'an that the religion of all Prophets was Islam and called them Muslims. Specifically, Prophet Abraham, among others, is called a Muslim in the Qur'an. The word Islam means total submission (to the will and commandments of Allah). It is derived from the root word SLM and salam means peace (shalom in Hebrew). A Muslim is one who submits to the will and commandments of Allah. The Qur'an is sent for both humankind and Jinns.
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ALLAH
SURAH 2, AYAH 255-56:
255 Allah! There is no God save Him, the Alive, the Eternal. Neither slumber nor sleep overtaketh Him. Unto Him belongeth whatsoever is in the heavens and whatsoever is in the earth. Who is he that intercedeth with Him save by His leave? He knoweth that which is in front of them and that which is behind them, while they encompass nothing of His knowledge save what He will. His throne includeth the heavens and the earth, and He is never weary of preserving them. He is the Sublime, the Tremendous.
256 There is no compulsion in religion. The right direction is henceforth distinct from error. And he who rejecteth false deities and believeth in Allah hath grasped a firm handhold which will never break. Allah is Hearer, Knower.
SURAH 112:
1 Say: He is Allah, the One!
2 Allah, the eternally Besought of all!
3 He begetteth not nor was begotten.
4 And there is none comparable unto Him.
SURAH 59, AYAT 22-24:
22 He is Allah, than whom there is no other God, the Knower of the invisible and the visible. He is the Beneficent, the Merciful.
23 He is Allah, than whom there is no other God, the Sovereign Lord the Holy One, Peace, the Keeper of Faith, the Guardian, the Majestic, the Compeller, the Superb. Glorified be Allah from all that they ascribe as partner (unto Him).
24 He is Allah, the Creator, the Shaper out of naught, the Fashioner. His are the most beautiful names. All that is in the heavens and the earth glorifieth Him, and He is the Mighty, the Wise.
SURAH 64, AYAH 18:
18 Knower of the invisible and the visible, the Mighty, the Wise.
SURAH 17, AYAT 110-111:
110 Say (unto mankind): Cry unto Allah, or cry unto the Beneficent, unto whichsoever ye cry (it is the same). His are the most beautiful names. And thou (Muhammad), be not loud voiced in thy worship nor yet silent therein, but follow a way between.
111 And say: Praise be to Allah, Who hath not taken unto Himself a son, and Who hath no partner in the Sovereignty, nor hath He any protecting friend through dependence. And magnify Him .
SURAH 43, AYAT 84-85:
84 And He it is Who in the heaven is God, and in the earth God. He is the Wise, the knower.
85 And blessed be He unto Whom belongeth the Sovereignty of the heavens and the earth and all that is between them, and with Whom is knowledge of the Hour, and unto Whom ye will be returned.
SURAH AL-A'RAF (7), AYAT 179-181:
180 Allah's are the fairest names. Invoke Him by them. And leave the company of those who blaspheme His names. They will be requited what they do.
181 And of those whom We created there is a nation who guide with the Truth and establish justice therewith.
SURAH 4, AYAT 171-172:
171 O People of the Scripture! Do not exaggerate in your religion nor utter aught concerning Allah save the truth. The Messiah, Jesus son of Mary, was only a messenger of Allah, and His word which He conveyed unto Mary, and a spirit from Him. So believe in Allah and His messengers, and say not "Three". Cease! (it is) better for you! Allah is only One God. Far is it removed from His transcendent majesty that he should have a son. His is all that is in the heavens and all that is in the earth. And Allah is sufficient as Defender.
172 The Messiah will never scorn to be a slave unto Allah, nor will the favored angels. Whoso scorneth His service and is proud, all such will He assemble unto Him;
SURAH 3, AYAH 84:
84 Say (O Muhammad): We believe in Allah and that which is revealed unto us and that which was revealed unto Abraham and Ishmael and Isaac and Jacob and the tribes, and that which was vouchsafed unto Moses and Jesus and the Prophets from their Lord. We make no distinction between any of them, and unto Him we have surrendered.
SURAH 24, AYAH 35:
35 Allah is the Light of the heavens and the earth. The similitude of His light is as a niche wherein is a lamp. The lamp is in a glass. The glass is as it were a shining star. (This lamp is) kindled from a blessed tree, an olive neither of the East nor of the West, whose oil would almost glow forth (of itself) though no fire touched it. Light upon light, Allah guideth unto His light whom He will. And Allah speaketh to mankind in allegories, for Allah is knower of all things.
SURAH 103, AL-ASR:
1 By the declining day,
2 Lo! man is in a state of loss,
3 Save those who believe and do good works, and exhort one another to truth and exhort one another to endurance.
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CREATION OF THE UNIVERSE
SURAH 1, AYAH 1:
1 In the name of Allah, the Beneficent, the Merciful.
2 Praise be to Allah, Lord of the Worlds,
SURAH 21, AYAH 30:
30 Have not those who disbelieve known that the heavens and the earth were of one piece, then We parted them, and We made every living thing of water? Will they not then believe?
SURAH 22, AYAH 47:
47 And they will bid thee hasten on the Doom, and Allah faileth not His promise, but lo! a Day with Allah is as a thousand years of what ye reckon.
SURAH 70, AYAT 3-4:
3 From Allah, Lord of the Ascending Stairways
4 (Whereby) the angels and the Spirit ascend unto Him in a Day whereof the span is fifty thousand years.
SURAH 25, AYAH 59:
59 Who created the heavens and the earth and all that is between them in six Days, then He mounted the Throne. The Beneficent! Ask any one informed concerning Him!
SURAH 7, AYAH 54:
54 Lo! your Lord is Allah Who created the heavens and the earth in six Days, then mounted He the Throne. He covereth the night with the day, which is in haste to follow it, and hath made the sun and the moon and the stars subservient by His command. His verily is all creation and commandment Blessed be Allah, the Lord of the Worlds!
55 O mankind! Call upon your Lord humbly and in secret. Lo! He loveth not aggressors.
56 Work not confusion in the earth after the fair ordering (thereof), and call on Him in fear and hope. Lo! the mercy of Allah is nigh unto the good.
SURAH 41, AYAT 9-12:
9 Say (O Muhammad, unto the idolaters): Disbelieve ye verily in Him Who created the earth in two Days, and ascribe ye unto Him rivals? He (and none else) is the Lord of the Worlds.
10 He placed therein firm hills rising above it, and blessed it and measured therein its sustenance in four Days, alike for (all) who ask;
11 Then turned He to the heaven when it was smoke, and said unto it and unto the earth: Come both of you, willingly or loth. They said: We come, obedient.
12 Then He ordained them seven heavens in two Days and inspired in each heaven its mandate; and we decked the nether heaven with lamps, and rendered it inviolable. That is the measuring of the Mighty, the Knower.
SURAH 65, AYAH 12:
12 Allah it is who hath created seven heavens, and of the earth the like thereof. The commandment cometh down among them slowly, that ye may know that Allah is Able to do all things, and that Allah surroundeth all things in knowledge.
SURAH 36, AYAT 38-40:
38 And the sun runneth on unto a resting place for him. That is the measuring of the Mighty, the Wise.
39 And for the moon We have appointed mansions till she return like an old shrivelled palm leaf.
40 It is not for the sun to overtake the moon, nor doth the night outstrip the day. They float each in an orbit.
SURAH 25, AYAH 61:
61 Blessed be He Who hath placed in the heaven mansions of the stars, and hath placed therein a great lamp and a moon giving light!
SURAH 21, AYAH 32:
32 And We have made the sky a roof withheld (from them). Yet they turn away from its portents.
SURAH 31, AYAH 10:
10 He hath created the heavens without supports that ye can see, and hath cast into the earth firm hills, so that it quake not with you; and He hath dispersed therein all kinds of beasts. And We send down water from the sky and We cause (plants) of every goodly kind to grow therein.
SURAH 51, AYAT 47-49:
47 We have built the heaven with might, and We it is who make the vast extent (thereof).
48 And the earth have We laid out, how gracious was the Spreader (thereof)!
49 And all things We have created by pairs, that haply ye may reflect.
SURAH 24, AYAT 44-45:
44 Allah causeth the revolution of the day and the night. Lo! herein is indeed a lesson for those who see.
45 Allah hath created every animal of water. Of them is (a kind) that goeth upon its belly and (a kind) that goeth upon two legs and (a kind) that goeth upon four. Allah createth what He will. Lo! Allah is Able to do all things.
SURAH 30, AYAT 8-9:
8 Have they not pondered upon themselves? Allah created not the heavens and the earth, and that which is between them, save with truth and for a destined end. But truly many of mankind are disbelievers in the meeting with their Lord.
9 Have they not traveled in the land and seen the nature of the consequence for those who were before them? They were stronger than these in power, and they dug the earth and built upon it more than these have built. Messengers of their own came unto them with clear proofs (of Allah's Sovereignty). Surely Allah wronged them not, but they did wrong themselves.
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PLAN FOR CREATION
SURAH 15, AYAH 21:
21 And there is not a thing but with Us are the stores thereof. And We send it not down save in appointed measure.
SURAH 25, AYAH 2:
2 He unto Whom belongeth the sovereignty of the heavens and the earth. He hath chosen no son nor hath He any partner in the sovereignty. He hath created everything and hath meted out for it a measure.
SURAH 55, AYAT 7-9:
7 And the sky He hath uplifted; and He hath set the measure,
8 That ye exceed not the measure,
9 But observe the measure strictly, nor fall short thereof.
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ORIGIN OF MAN
SURAH 7, AYAT 189-190:
189 He it is who did create you from a single soul, and therefrom did make his mate that he might take rest in her. And when he covered her she bore a light burden, and she passed (unnoticed) with it, but when it became heavy they cried unto Allah, their Lord, saying: If thou givest unto us aright we shall be of the thankful.
190 But when He gave unto them aright, they ascribed unto Him partners in respect of that which He had given them. High is He exalted above all that they associate (with Him).
191 Attribute they as partners to Allah those who created naught, but are themselves created,
SURAH 2, AYAT 30-32:
30 And when thy Lord said unto the angels: Lo! I am about to place a viceroy in the earth, they said: wilt Thou place therein one who will do harm therein and will shed blood, while we, we hymn Thy praise and sanctify Thee? He said: Surely I know that which ye know not.
31 And He taught Adam all the names, then showed them to the angels, saying: Inform me of the names of these, if ye are truthful.
32 They said: Be glorified! We have no knowledge saving that which Thou hast taught us. Lo! Thou, only Thou, art the Knower, the Wise.
SURAH 15, AYAT 28-29:
28 And (remember) when thy Lord said unto the angels: Lo! I am creating a mortal out of potter's clay of black mud altered.
29 So, when I have made him and have breathed into him of My spirit, do ye fall down, prostrating yourselves unto him.
SURAH 35, AYAH 11:
11 Allah created you from dust, then from a little fluid, then He made you pairs (the male and female). No female beareth or bringeth forth save with His knowledge. And no one groweth old who groweth old, nor is aught lessened of his life, but it is recorded in a Book. Lo! that is easy for Allah.
12 And two seas are not alike: this, fresh, sweet, food to drink, this (other) bitter, salt. And from them both ye eat fresh meat and derive the ornament that ye wear. And thou seest the ship cleaving them with its prow that ye may seek of His bounty, and that haply ye may give thanks.
SURAH 23, AYAT 12-14:
12 Verily We created man from a product of wet earth;
13 Then placed him as a drop (of seed) in a safe lodging;
14 Then fashioned We the drop a clot, then fashioned We the clot a little lump, then fashioned We the little lump bones, then clothed the bones with flesh, and then produced it another creation. So blessed be Allah, the Best of Creators!
SURAH 86, AYAT 5-8:
5 So let man consider from what he is created.
6 He is created from a gushing fluid
7 That issued from between the loins and ribs.
8 Lo! He verily is Able to return him (unto life)
SURAH 64, AYAH 3:
3 He created the heavens and the earth with truth, and He shaped you and made good your shapes, and unto Him is the journeying.
SURAH 23, AYAT 78-80:
78 He it is Who hath created for you ears and eyes and hearts. Small thanks give ye!
79 And He it is Who hath sown you broadcast in the earth, and unto Him ye will be gathered.
80 And He it is Who giveth life and causeth death, and His is the difference of night and day. Have ye then no sense?
SURAH 21, AYAH 7:
7 And We sent not (as Our messengers) before thee other than men whom We inspired. Ask the followers of the Reminder if ye know not?
SURAH 3, AYAH 33:
33 Lo! Allah preferred Adam and Noah and the Family of Abraham and the Family of 'Imran above (all His) creatures.
SURAH 75, AYAT 36-39:
36 Thinketh man that he is to be left aimless?
37 Was he not a drop of fluid which gushed forth?
38 Then he became a clot; then (Allah) shaped and fashioned
39 And made of him a pair, the male and female.
40 Is not He (who doeth so) able to bring the dead to life?
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PAIRS IN SEXES
SURAH 36, AYAH 36:
36 Glory be to Him Who created all the sexual pairs, of that which the earth groweth, and of themselves, and of that which they know not!
SURAH 42, AYAT 11-12:
11 The Creator of the heavens and the earth. He hath made for you pairs of yourselves, and of the cattle also pairs, whereby He multiplieth you. Naught is as His likeness; and He is the Hearer, the Seer.
12 His are the keys of the heavens and the earth. He enlargeth providence for whom He will and straiteneth (it for whom He will). Lo! He is Knower of all things.
SURAH 55, AYAT 52-53:
52 Wherein is every kind of fruit in pairs.
53 Which is it, of the favors of your Lord, that ye deny?
SURAH 13, AYAH 3:
3 And He it is who spread out the earth and placed therein firm hills and flowing streams, and of all fruits be placed therein two spouses (male and female). He covereth the night with the day. Lo! herein verily are portents for people who take thought.
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WATER
SURAH 24, AYAH 45:
45 Allah hath created every animal of water. Of them is (a kind) that goeth upon its belly and (a kind) that goeth upon two legs and (a kind) that goeth upon four. Allah createth what He will. Lo! Allah is Able to do all things.
SURAH 30, AYAH 48:

Qur'anic verses and hadiths of Ahl al-Bayt (peace be upon them) and sayings in Arabic, Persian and English.

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